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Pressure-diameter relationships of the upper airway in awake supine subjects.
Wheatley JR, Kelly WT, Tully A, Engel LA. Palate and hypopharynx – sites of inspiratory narrowing of the upper airway during sleep. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors.
Many drugs employed during cardiothoracic surgery will impact the lung’s intrinsic mechanisms to match ventilation to perfusion matching either directly on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) or indirectly by altering cardiac output or vascular resistance. The compliance and resistance of the respiratory system will change during the course of surgery, especially those procedures requiring one-lung ventilation, and may necessitate frequent adjustments of the ventilator to optimize gas exchange and reduce lung injury. Dynamic influences of ventilatory pattern, posture, body habitus, agitation or pain, and inflammation can cause “air trapping” and drastically reduce alveolar ventilation. The anesthetic employed, both general and regional, will impact the control of respiration, reactivity of the airways, and the patient’s ability to maintain their airway, take a deep breath, and cough. The lung has ten (third generation airway) bronchopulmonary segments on the right and eight segments on the left that are readily identifiable by fiberoptic bronchoscopy (two segmental bronchi on the left are considered “fused”). Knowledge of the clinical anatomy and function of the respiratory system is essential for the safe, efficient, and appropriate perioperative management of intubation, mechanical ventilation, and anesthesia for the thoracic surgical patient.